Oxytocin

Also known as: Syntocinon · Pitocin

FDA-approved

Last verified: October 30, 2026

At a glance

FDA approval FDA-approved 9 applications
Randomized controlled trials 2,062 of 7,524 publications on PubMed
Registered clinical trials 936 129 active
Adverse event reports 3,769 3,395 classified as serious
  • Oxytocin is an FDA-approved drug, marketed as Oxytocin, Pitocin (first approval: April 29, 1980).
  • PubMed lists 7,524 publications mentioning it, including 2,062 randomized controlled trials and 1,103 animal-only studies.
  • ClinicalTrials.gov lists 936 registered studies testing it (129 active).
  • FDA's adverse event system (FAERS) holds 3,769 reports mentioning it; 3,395 classified as serious. Reports do not prove causation.

Research topics

  • Oxytocics 40
  • Administration, Intranasal 28
  • Cesarean Section 27
  • Postpartum Hemorrhage 26
  • Delivery, Obstetric 17
  • Labor, Induced 17
  • Pregnancy Outcome 8
  • Social Behavior 7
  • Cervical Ripening 6
  • Emotions 6

Most frequent MeSH subject headings in the latest PubMed records (English, as indexed).

Regulatory status

Drugs@FDA applications

Application Product Status First approval Sponsor
NDA018245 SYNTOCINON Approved, discontinued April 17, 1980 NOVARTIS
NDA018243 OXYTOCIN Approved, marketed April 29, 1980 HIKMA
NDA018248 OXYTOCIN Approved, marketed July 9, 1980 FRESENIUS KABI USA
NDA018261 PITOCIN Approved, marketed November 19, 1980 PH HEALTH
NDA019185 OXYTOCIN 10 USP UNITS IN DEXTROSE 5%, OXYTOCIN 20 USP UNITS IN DEXTROSE 5%, OXYTOCIN 5 USP UNITS IN DEXTROSE 5% Approved, discontinued March 29, 1985 ABBOTT
ANDA077453 OXYTOCIN Approved, discontinued January 24, 2008 DR REDDYS
ANDA200219 OXYTOCIN Approved, marketed February 13, 2013 HIKMA FARMACEUTICA
ANDA091676 OXYTOCIN Approved, marketed July 13, 2018 SAGENT PHARMS INC
NDA012285 SYNTOCINON Approved, discontinued — RTRX

Source: Drugs@FDA (openFDA) · verified October 30, 2026 · API query

FDA compounding safety list

Not on FDA's list of bulk drug substances that may present significant safety risks in compounding.

Source: FDA.gov — Category 2 bulk drug substances · verified October 30, 2026

Removal of a substance from a regulatory list does not mean it has been approved. A "research use only" label does not make a product safe or legal for human use.

Scientific publications

  • All publications 7,524
  • Human (MeSH) 5,660
  • Animal only 1,103
  • Clinical trials 2,453
  • Randomized controlled trials 2,062
  • Systematic reviews & meta-analyses 327
  • Case reports 209
  • Retracted 28

Counts are PubMed records that mention the peptide in the title or abstract. Categories overlap, and a mention is not the same as testing the peptide as a treatment. Each number opens the exact PubMed search. Effects seen in laboratory or animal studies may not occur in humans. A registered clinical trial does not show that a substance is effective or safe.

Latest publications

Source: PubMed (NCBI) · verified October 30, 2026

Clinical trials

Registered
936
Active
129
With posted results
162

Conditions studied

  • Postpartum Hemorrhage 91
  • Healthy 61
  • Oxytocin 34
  • Schizophrenia 29
  • Post Partum Hemorrhage 24
  • Pregnancy 23
  • Induction of Labor 21
  • Autism Spectrum Disorder 19
  • Cesarean Section Complications 17
  • Cervical Ripening 14
  • Alcohol Use Disorder 13
  • Cesarean Section 12
Study Status Phase Start
Oxytocin for Respiratory Compromise and Hypoventilation Induced by Drugs
NCT07902752 George Washington University
Not yet recruiting Phase 2 May 15, 2027
3-hour Versus 12-hour Double-balloon Catheter for Labor Induction
NCT07492186 Centre Hospitalier de PAU
Not yet recruiting N/A March 1, 2027
Differences in Mechanistic Measures (Oxytocin and Cortisol) of Therapeutic Alliance Between A Talk-Based Therapy and Soft-Tissue Mobilization in Individuals With Chronic Spinal Pain
NCT06987786 Duke University
Not yet recruiting N/A December 1, 2026
AI-Based Oxytocin-Stimulated Smart Lactation Support Vest
NCT07765992 Selcuk University
Not yet recruiting N/A December 1, 2026
Efficacy of Intravenous Oxytocin to Speed Recovery After THA
NCT07430228 Wake Forest University Health Sciences
Enrolling by invitation Phase 2 Dec 2026
Effect of Dural Puncture Epidural Analgesia on Oxytocin in Early vs Late Labor
NCT07873814 Ankara City Hospital Bilkent
Not yet recruiting — November 1, 2026
Effects of Maternal and Infant Massage on Breastfeeding and Mother-Infant Bonding
NCT07867054 Istanbul University - Cerrahpasa
Not yet recruiting N/A November 1, 2026
Inducing Self-Dehumanization to Examine Oxytocin and Suicide Risk
NCT06710964 Florida State University
Not yet recruiting N/A Oct 2026
Evaluating Intranasal Oxytocin (TNX-1900) for Pain Relief and Recovery After Pituitary Surgery
NCT07730294 Yale University
Not yet recruiting Phase 2 Oct 2026
Effect of a Vertical Birthing Chair on Labor
NCT07874243 Kartal City Hospital
Not yet recruiting N/A Oct 2026
Show 40 more studies
Study Status Phase Start
Oromucosal Oxytocin and Vasopressin Modulation of Emotional Face Attention
NCT07838493 University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
Recruiting N/A September 18, 2026
Biological Profiles of Neuropeptides, Neurotrophins and miRNA in Migraine
NCT07832032 Nordlandssykehuset HF
Not yet recruiting — September 17, 2026
The Effects of Oxytocin on Fairness Perception and Related Prosocial Behaviors
NCT07815496 University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
Recruiting N/A September 5, 2026
Effect of Oxytocin Bolus Versus Slow Infusion on Haemodynamic Stability During Caesarean Section Under Spinal Anaesthesia
NCT07784478 Khyber Girls Medical College
Not yet recruiting N/A September 1, 2026
Effect of Intravenous Oxytocin on Post Dural Puncture Headache After Caesarean Sections
NCT07853924 Assiut University
Not yet recruiting Phase 4 Sep 2026
Effects of Connective Tissue Massage in Patients With Chronic Insomnia
NCT07770945 Saglik Bilimleri Universitesi
Not yet recruiting N/A Sep 2026
Oxytocin in Postmenopausal Women
NCT07742124 University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
Recruiting — August 20, 2026
Ripening Approaches for Prompt Induction and Delivery - Sequential Versus Concurrent Dilapan-S and Misoprostol to Achieve Vaginal Delivery (RAPID-DS)
NCT07717502 Ochsner Health System
Recruiting N/A August 18, 2026
Clinical Trial for Acupuncture in Adolescents With Psychological Distress and Insomnia
NCT06638450 The University of Hong Kong
Recruiting N/A August 18, 2026
Identifying Oxytocin Deficiency in Pediatric Patients With Pituitary Disease
NCT07568509 Massachusetts General Hospital
Recruiting Early phase 1 August 17, 2026
Carbetocin Monotherapy Versus Carbetocin Plus Oxytocin Infusion in Elective Cesarean Delivery: A Non-Inferiority Trial
NCT07636421 Mansoura University
Recruiting Phase 4 August 8, 2026
Reducing Self-Dehumanization to Examine Oxytocin and Suicide Risk
NCT06713473 Florida State University
Not yet recruiting N/A Aug 2026
Oxytocin Bolus Versus Infusion in High-Risk Patients Undergoing Elective Cesarean Section (INBOX-HR)
NCT07688512 Stony Brook University
Not yet recruiting Phase 4 Aug 2026
Trial of Ultrasound-guided Rotation for Normalizing Head Position
NCT07781189 Anhui Provincial Hospital
Not yet recruiting N/A Aug 2026
Compare Hemodynamic Effect of Oxytocin Bolus and Infusion During Cesarean Section Under Spinal Anesthesia
NCT07687355 Hayatabad Medical Complex
Not yet recruiting N/A July 1, 2026
Is Nipple Stimulation Effective for Inducing Labor and Acceptable to Patients, Nurses, and Providers?
NCT07588529 University of Kansas Medical Center
Not yet recruiting N/A Jul 2026
Intranasal Oxytocin Intervention for Caregivers to Persons With Dementia
NCT06364228 University of Nebraska
Recruiting Phase 2 June 20, 2026
Emotions From Salivary Biomarkers in an Architectural Context
NCT07507266 Sys2Diag
Not yet recruiting — June 9, 2026
Positive Expectation Effects on Early Emotional Processing
NCT07615530 Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf
Not yet recruiting N/A Jun 2026
Circulating Oxytocin Changes in Response to MDMA vs. Placebo in Adult Patients With Autism Spectrum Disorder and Matched Healthy Controls
NCT07555132 University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
Not yet recruiting N/A Jun 2026
Sublingual Oxytocin for the Prevention of Post-partum Hemorrhage
NCT06968481 Insud Pharma
Not yet recruiting Phase 2 May 30, 2026
The Relationship Between Oxytocin Massage in Mothers With Insufficient Milk Production in the Early Postpartum Period and Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy and Milk Let-down Reflex: A Randomized Controlled Study
NCT07609693 Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University
Recruiting N/A May 12, 2026
Carbetocin Uterotonic Treatment in Twin Pregnancies for Prevention of Postpartum Hemorrhage
NCT07401524 Sheba Medical Center
Recruiting Phase 4 May 5, 2026
Role of Intravenous Calcium to Decrease Blood Loss During Intrapartum Cesarean Section
NCT07550413 Pak Emirates Military Hospital
Not yet recruiting Phase 2 May 2026
Oxytocin's Effects on Real Time-fMRI Neurofeedback Training of Anterior Insula Activity
NCT07559656 University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
Recruiting N/A April 26, 2026
A Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Training Program Model
NCT07544355 Istanbul Medeniyet University
Not yet recruiting N/A April 20, 2026
Umbilical Cord Drainage to Prevent Postpartum Hemorrhage
NCT07401160 Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Honduras
Recruiting N/A February 15, 2026
Comparison of Two Different Doses of Phenylephrine on Oxytocin Hemodynamic Effect
NCT07420127 Rawalpindi Medical College
Recruiting Phase 4 February 13, 2026
PGE2 Followed by Oxytocin vs Oxytocin in Term PROM (POXY-PROM)
NCT07366359 National Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Recruiting N/A February 10, 2026
Efficacy of Bicarbonate on the Risk of Assisted Delivery in Nulliparous Women With Prolonged Labour
NCT07321379 Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre
Not yet recruiting N/A February 1, 2026
Carbetocin vs Misoprostol for Postpartum Hemorrhage Prevention
NCT07353281 Western Galilee Hospital-Nahariya
Not yet recruiting N/A January 31, 2026
Oxytocin's Effects on Emotional Processing and Its Acting Routes
NCT07425938 University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
Recruiting N/A January 24, 2026
Ergometrine Versus Carbetocin to Decrease Blood Loss in Myomectomy
NCT07390864 Cairo University
Recruiting N/A January 18, 2026
Plasma Oxytocin Changes in Response to Music Modified by Sonic Augmentation Technology
NCT07276152 University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
Recruiting N/A January 9, 2026
Plasma Oxytocin Response to Oral Estrogens in Healthy Controls and AVP-Deficiency
NCT07361263 University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
Recruiting N/A January 9, 2026
Salivary Oxytocin as a Biomarker of Psychedelic Treatment
NCT07345858 University of Geneva, Switzerland
Enrolling by invitation — January 5, 2026
Prophylactic Regimen of Intravenous Oxytocin, Intravenous Tranexamic Acid, and Intramuscular Ergot Derivative for Primary Prevention of Postpartum Hemorrhage in Intrapartum Cesarean Section Versus Intravenous Carbetocin Alone
NCT07318467 Cairo University
Not yet recruiting N/A January 1, 2026
The Power of Belief: Expectation-driven and Placebo Modulation of Empathic Pain
NCT07367672 University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
Recruiting N/A December 1, 2025
Effects Of Intravenous Oxytocin On Peripheral Sensory Afferents Using Microneurography
NCT07409753 Wake Forest University Health Sciences
Recruiting Phase 2 October 22, 2025
Rectal Misoprostol for Reducing Blood Loss in Elective Cesarean Section
NCT07188207 Assiut University
Not yet recruiting N/A October 1, 2025

All 936 studies on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗

Source: ClinicalTrials.gov · verified October 30, 2026

Adverse event reports

Reports
3,769
Serious
3,395
With death outcome
198

Most reported reactions

  • Maternal exposure during pregnancy 487
  • Foetal exposure during pregnancy 478
  • Drug ineffective 464
  • Exposure during pregnancy 417
  • Drug exposure during pregnancy 267
  • Hypotension 250
  • Premature baby 233
  • Postpartum haemorrhage 231
  • Off label use 205
  • Caesarean section 198
  • Premature delivery 162
  • Maternal exposure during delivery 151

Adverse event reports do not prove that the substance caused these effects. Side effects not listed here may still occur. Reaction terms are MedDRA terms as reported to FAERS.

Source: FDA FAERS (FAERS data as of July 30, 2026) · verified October 30, 2026 · API query

FDA prescribing information

Official US prescribing information. Dosing sections are intentionally not shown.

Boxed warning Pitocin · May 6, 2026
Original FDA text (English) IMPORTANT NOTICE Elective induction of labor is defined as the initiation of labor in a pregnant individual who has no medical indications for induction. Since the available data are inadequate to evaluate the benefits-to-risks considerations, Pitocin is not indicated for elective induction of labor.
  • Oxytocin HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG REMEDYREPACK INC. September 1, 2026
  • GUNA-AWARENESS HUMAN OTC DRUG Guna spa June 10, 2026
  • Pitocin HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG Par Health USA, LLC May 6, 2026
  • Pitocin HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG Par Health USA, LLC May 6, 2026
  • Pitocin HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG Par Health USA, LLC May 5, 2026
  • Connection HUMAN OTC DRUG Deseret Biologicals, Inc. April 10, 2026
  • Connection HUMAN OTC DRUG Deseret Biologicals, Inc. April 10, 2026
  • Oxytocin HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG Fresenius Kabi USA, LLC January 12, 2026
  • E.O.L. HUMAN OTC DRUG InLight Creation, LLC. January 9, 2026
  • Intimate HUMAN OTC DRUG Deseret Biologicals, Inc. May 27, 2025
  • Emotional Eating HUMAN OTC DRUG Dr. Donna Restivo DC May 23, 2025
  • Oxytocin HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG Fresenius Kabi USA, LLC March 24, 2025
  • Oxytocin HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG Fresenius Kabi USA, LLC October 15, 2024
  • Pitocin HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG Par Health USA, LLC August 12, 2024
  • Weight Loss Support Plus Female Balance HUMAN OTC DRUG Carolinas Weight Loss Institute May 23, 2024
  • Weight Loss Support Plus Female Balance HUMAN OTC DRUG Carolinas Weight Loss Institute May 13, 2024
  • Intimate HUMAN OTC DRUG Deseret Biologicals, Inc. May 13, 2024
  • Neurotransmitter Pro HUMAN OTC DRUG Energique, Inc. May 6, 2024
  • Neurotransmitter Pro HUMAN OTC DRUG Energique, Inc. May 6, 2024
  • Appetite Control HUMAN OTC DRUG Deseret Biologicals, Inc. March 12, 2024
  • Appetite Control HUMAN OTC DRUG Deseret Biologicals, Inc. March 5, 2024
  • Appetite Control HUMAN OTC DRUG Deseret Biologicals, Inc. October 26, 2023
  • Hunger Control HUMAN OTC DRUG Pro Weight Loss Inc. January 10, 2023
  • GUNA-GERIATRICS HUMAN OTC DRUG Guna spa December 22, 2018
  • Oxytocin HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG West-Ward Pharmaceuticals Corp December 14, 2018

Source: DailyMed / openFDA

Change history

No changes since monitoring began on October 30, 2026.